Digital Humanities

Synonymy: This relation exists between words that have similar or identical meanings in some or all contexts. For example, "big" and "large" are synonyms because they can often be used interchangeably.

Antonymy: This involves words that have opposite meanings. Antonyms can be further categorized into gradable (e.g., "hot" and "cold"), complementary (e.g., "alive" and "dead"), and relational opposites (e.g., "teacher" and "student").

Hyponymy and Hypernymy: Hyponymy is the relation between a more specific word (the hyponym) and a more general word (the hypernym). For instance, "rose" is a hyponym of "flower." Conversely, hypernymy is the relationship from the general to the specific.

Meronymy: This describes a part-whole relationship between words. For example, "wheel" is a meronym of "car," as a wheel is part of a car.

Holonymy: The opposite of meronymy, holonymy relates the whole to a part. Using the previous example, "car" is a holonym of "wheel."

Troponymy: This is specific to verbs and describes a more specific way of performing the action described by another verb. For example, "to jog" is a troponym of "to run."

Metonymy: A type of figurative language where a word is used to stand in for something else that it is closely related to or associated with. For example, "the White House" can be used to refer to the President or his administration.

Polysemy: The relation between a single word that has multiple related meanings. For example, "bank" can mean the side of a river and a financial institution.

Homonymy: This includes homophones (words that sound the same but have different meanings, e.g., "sea" and "see") and homographs (words that are spelled the same but have different meanings or pronunciations, e.g., "lead" the metal and "lead" a group).

These semantic relations can make a hierarchy to constitute ontologies.

For example, the list of words below can be organized as ontological entity, as there are semantic paradigmatic relations among these concepts or words.

• linguistics
• computational linguistics
• machine translation
• mathematics
• discipline
• cognitive science

Top-Level Class:

Discipline: A branch of knowledge, typically one studied in higher education.

Subclasses of Discipline:

Mathematics: Now positioned as a component of Cognitive Science alongside Linguistics, reflecting its role in the study of cognition and intelligence.

Linguistics: Considered a component of Cognitive Science, focusing on the scientific study of language and its structure.

Mathematics and linguistics are sister terms, as they are at the same level of hierarchy, and both are disciplines.

As for the term ‘cognitive science’, it is a part holonym to the term ‘linguistics’ – the interdisciplinary study of mind and intelligence, embracing philosophy, psychology, artificial intelligence, neuroscience, linguistics, anthropology, and mathematics. This class can become a part of a separate hierarchy.

Subclass of linguistics (hyponym):

Computational Linguistics: An interdisciplinary field concerned with the statistical or rule-based modelling of natural language from a computational perspective.

Subclass of computational linguistics (hyponym):

Machine Translation: A specific direction within Computational Linguistics focused on translating text or speech across languages.