4. Making ontologies: theoretical basics and instructions

2. Page 2

  1. What is an ontology in the context of computer science?
    • a) A programming language
    • b) A database structure
    • c) A structured framework for organizing information
    • d) A type of artificial intelligence
  2. What is the primary purpose of an ontology?
    • a) To create programming algorithms
    • b) To store large amounts of data
    • c) To provide a shared vocabulary for a domain
    • d) To visualize complex data sets
  3. Which element defines the scope and context of an ontology?
    • a) Relationships
    • b) Domain
    • c) Classes
    • d) Individuals
  4. In ontology, what does the domain refer to?
    • a) The specific area of knowledge or interest that the ontology models
    • b) A collection of data entries
    • c) The visual representation of data
    • d) The programming language used
  5. What is a key characteristic of a well-defined domain in an ontology?
    • a) It is vague and broad
    • b) It is specific and focused
    • c) It covers multiple unrelated areas
    • d) It is ambiguous
  6. What are the primary elements of an ontology?
    • a) Codes and algorithms
    • b) Domain, classes, and relationships
    • c) Images and texts
    • d) Users and developers
  7. What is a class in the context of an ontology?
    • a) A single data entry
    • b) A file type
    • c) A formal representation of a concept within a structured model
    • d) A user group
  8. How are classes organized in an ontology?
    • a) Randomly
    • b) Into hierarchies or networks
    • c) Alphabetically
    • d) By date of creation
  9. What relationship in ontology represents a "is-a" connection?
    • a) Subclass relationship
    • b) Part-whole relationship
    • c) Associative relationship
    • d) Temporal relationship
  10. What is an example of a subclass in an ontology?
    • a) Bird as a subclass of Animal
    • b) Water as a subclass of Liquid
    • c) Earth as a subclass of Planet
    • d) Tree as a subclass of Plant
  11. What does a paradigmatic relationship in linguistics refer to?
    • a) The sequential arrangement of words
    • b) Sets of words that can be substituted for each other
    • c) The hierarchical organization of data
    • d) The associative meaning of words
  12. Which relationship involves words with opposite meanings?
    • a) Synonymy
    • b) Polysemy
    • c) Antonymy
    • d) Homonymy
  13. In ontology, what does a "holonymy" relationship represent?
    • a) A whole-to-part relationship
    • b) A synonym relationship
    • c) A part-to-whole relationship
    • d) A hierarchical relationship
  14. What is an example of a syntagmatic relationship?
    • a) The combination of words in a sentence to form a coherent structure
    • b) The substitution of words with similar meanings
    • c) The categorization of words based on their use
    • d) The hierarchical relationship between concepts
  15. Which of the following is a key use of associative relationships in ontologies?
    • a) To represent complex interconnections between entities
    • b) To create a hierarchical structure
    • c) To organize data alphabetically
    • d) To simplify the ontology design
  16. What is an example of an associative relationship in an ontology?
    • a) "CollaboratesWith" linking researchers in a project
    • b) "Is-a" relationship between Animal and Dog
    • c) "HasPart" relationship between Car and Engine
    • d) "Owns" relationship between User and File
  17. What term is used to describe the specific instances or objects within the domain of an ontology?
    • a) Classes
    • b) Individuals
    • c) Properties
    • d) Domains
  18. What is a common property used in a university ontology for the class 'Course'?
    • a) hasName
    • b) hasEnrollmentNumber
    • c) hasCourseCode
    • d) teaches
  19. What does the relationship 'teaches' link in an educational ontology?
    • a) A Person to a Course
    • b) A Department to a Course
    • c) A Student to a Course
    • d) A Teacher to a Department
  20. What is an example of an object property in an ontology?
    • a) "MemberOf" linking Person to Department
    • b) "hasName" applied to a Person
    • c) "hasCourseCode" applied to a Course
    • d) "hasEnrollmentNumber" applied to a Student
  21. Which relationship is used to express temporal succession between events in an ontology?
    • a) IsNear
    • b) Produces
    • c) Precedes
    • d) CollaboratesWith
  22. What type of relationship in an ontology might connect 'Player' to 'Game'?
    • a) ParticipatesIn
    • b) Owns
    • c) IsNear
    • d) Produces
  23. In an ontology, what does the term "polysemy" refer to?
    • a) Words with similar meanings
    • b) A single word with multiple related meanings
    • c) Words with opposite meanings
    • d) Words that sound the same but have different meanings
  24. What is a subclass of the class "Computational Linguistics" in an ontology?
    • a) Syntax
    • b) Semantics
    • c) Machine Translation
    • d) Phonetics
  25. What does the term "meronymy" describe in ontology?
    • a) A whole-to-part relationship
    • b) A part-to-whole relationship
    • c) A synonym relationship
    • d) A hierarchical relationship
  26. Which type of relationship might be used to indicate that "Factory produces Goods"?
    • a) Produces
    • b) Owns
    • c) ParticipatesIn
    • d) CollaboratesWith
  27. Which relationship type captures non-hierarchical links between entities in an ontology?
    • a) Hierarchical
    • b) Temporal
    • c) Associative
    • d) Structural
  28. What does the term "hyponymy" refer to?
    • a) The relationship between words with opposite meanings
    • b) The relationship between a whole and its parts
    • c) The relationship between a more specific word and a more general word
    • d) The relationship between synonymous words
  29. Which relationship in an ontology might link "Department" to "Employee"?
    • a) HasMember
    • b) CollaboratesWith
    • c) Produces
    • d) IsNear
  30. What type of relationship is "Car uses Fuel" in an ontology?
    • a) Uses
    • b) Produces
    • c) IsPartOf
    • d) BelongsTo
  31. What is an example of a top-level class in an ontology?
    • a) Machine Translation
    • b) Syntax
    • c) Discipline
    • d) Cognitive Science
  32. Which term describes a non-hierarchical link that is often bidirectional in ontologies?
    • a) Associative relationship
    • b) Syntagmatic relationship
    • c) Hierarchical relationship
    • d) Paradigmatic relationship
  33. What does "adjacentTo" represent in a geographic ontology?
    • a) A part-whole relationship
    • b) Proximity without direct contact
    • c) A temporal sequence
    • d) A hierarchical link
  34. What is an example of a hierarchical relationship in an ontology?
    • a) IsFriendOf
    • b) IsA
    • c) CollaboratesWith
    • d) Owns
  35. What term describes the opposite of meronymy in ontology?
    • a) Holonymy
    • b) Synonymy
    • c) Antonymy
    • d) Polysemy
  36. In an ontology, what would "Document A translates to Language B" represent?
    • a) IsNear
    • b) IsPartOf
    • c) TranslatesTo
    • d) Produces
  37. What does the relationship "CollaboratesWith" describe in an ontology?
    • a) A hierarchical link
    • b) A whole-to-part relationship
    • c) A peer-to-peer connection indicating collaboration
    • d) A part-to-whole relationship
  38. Which term refers to an associative relationship where one entity influences another?
    • a) DependsOn
    • b) ParticipatesIn
    • c) Influences
    • d) BelongsTo
  39. Which is an example of a paradigmatic relationship?
    • a) Synonymy between "big" and "large"
    • b) Sequential order of words in a sentence
    • c) Combination of concepts to form a hierarchy
    • d) Use of "and" to link ideas
  40. What type of relationship does "Property A is adjacent to Property B" represent?
    • a) Hierarchical
    • b) Associative
    • c) Temporal
    • d) Paradigmatic
  41. Which relationship captures the concept of rivalry or competition in an ontology?
    • a) Owns
    • b) BelongsTo
    • c) CompetesWith
    • d) CollaboratesWith
  42. In ontology, what does "IsRequiredBy" express?
    • a) Dependency relationship
    • b) Temporal succession
    • c) Ownership
    • d) Proximity
  43. Which relationship is often used to indicate ownership in an ontology?
    • a) DependsOn
    • b) IsNear
    • c) Owns
    • d) CollaboratesWith
  44. What does "hasSymptom" link in a medical ontology?
    • a) A treatment to a disease
    • b) A condition to its manifestations
    • c) A patient to a doctor
    • d) A medicine to a dosage
  45. Which term is used for a relationship indicating that one phase follows another?
    • a) Produces
    • b) CollaboratesWith
    • c) FollowedBy
    • d) DependsOn
  46. What does "Influences" describe in an ontology context?
    • a) A causal relationship
    • b) An effect one entity has on another
    • c) A part-to-whole relationship
    • d) A hierarchical link
  47. What type of relationship might link "Employee" to "Company" in a business ontology?
    • a) Produces
    • b) WorksFor
    • c) IsNear
    • d) Owns
  48. What is an example of a non-hierarchical link in an ontology?
    • a) CollaboratesWith
    • b) IsA
    • c) HasPart
    • d) BelongsTo
  49. Which relationship type expresses part-whole connections in an ontology?
    • a) Synonymy
    • b) Meronymy
    • c) Antonymy
    • d) Holonymy
  50. What does "FriendOf" represent in a social network ontology?
    • a) Associative relationship indicating social connection
    • b) Hierarchical link between two people
    • c) Temporal relationship between events
    • d) Ownership connection